Live-Attenuated, Inactivated & Subunit Vaccines

Longstanding yet ever-evolving, live-attenuated, inactivated & subunit vaccines have shaped public health achievements for decades. Live-attenuated vaccines mimic natural infections, offering robust and lasting immunity with fewer doses, though they may not suit immunocompromised individuals. Inactivated formulations provide an excellent safety profile, often requiring adjuvants or booster doses to achieve sustained protection. Subunit vaccines, composed of purified antigens, present highly targeted immune stimulation while reducing the risk of adverse effects. Each of these platforms brings distinct advantages and limitations that influence their deployment in specific populations and disease settings. Innovations in genetic engineering and adjuvant science are helping to overcome historical challenges associated with stability and immunogenicity. In a world facing diverse pathogens, Live-attenuated, inactivated & subunit vaccines continue to serve as versatile tools within integrated immunization strategies worldwide.