Post-Marketing Surveillance and Real-World Data

Once vaccines are deployed, post-marketing surveillance and real-world data provide critical insights into long-term safety, effectiveness, and population-level impact. These data extend beyond controlled trial settings, capturing outcomes across diverse demographics and geographies. Pharmacoepidemiological methods help identify rare adverse events, waning immunity, and effectiveness against variants. Electronic health records, wearable technologies, and mobile health apps have revolutionized how real-world data are collected and analyzed. Post-marketing surveillance and real-world data also inform updates to immunization schedules, booster recommendations, and public policy. Transparent dissemination of findings supports continued public trust and scientific advancement. As vaccine use expands globally, integrating robust post-marketing surveillance ensures ongoing risk-benefit assessment and public health optimization.